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托福考试语法:非谓语动词的用法

非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。

  动词不定式的用法

1. 动词不定式的否定式

  not to

  She decided not to be late again.

2. 动词不定式的完成式

  完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。

  I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构

  若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征,则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。

  常用形容词有:kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。

  It is very kind of you to help me.

  区别It is important for us to learn English well.

4. 在某些动词后, 可用it做形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。

  常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。

  They find it difficult to repay the money.

5. 动词+不定式作宾补

  ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。

6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补,不定式不带to,表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时,作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to(五看三使两听一感觉一发现)

  Nobody saw him come in.

  She was seen to enter the room last night.

注意:get 也能当使役动词,表示“使、让、叫”之意,相当于have,但两者也有所不同。

  have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事

  have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做

  have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事

  get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物开始行动起来

  You’d better have/get your hair cut.

  He managed to get the horse running.

  动名词的用法

1. 动名词的否定式 not+动名词

2. 动名词的完成式

  完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

  He was praised for having done a good deed.

3. 动词+介词构成的短语,其后跟动名词做宾语

  be/get used to

  feel like

  insist on

  devote…to…

  put off

  look forward to

  succeed in

  get down to

  set about

  give up

4. 可置于名词前作定语,表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能

  a waiting car

  a waiting room

  a sleeping boy

  a sleeping bag

5. 动名词的复合结构

  形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的'复合结构

  在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。

  Do you mind my/me smoking here?

  I insisted on my husband/husband’s paying the bill.

  1)在口语和非正式英语中,这种结构不用在句首,常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词,用名词普通格代指所有格。如:

  There are many reasons for animals dying out.

  2)如果动名词的复合结构在句首,就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如:

  His smoking caused the fire in the forest.

  3)there be的动名词的复合结构为there being如:

  What’s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?

  分词的用法

1. 分词的独立主格结构

  一般说来,分词在句中都有其逻辑主语,分词做状语时,其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中,则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语,由名词或代词主格充当,置于分词前,这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。

  它不是句子,因为没有实际的主语和谓语。它可以放于句首或句尾,做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。

  The meeting being over, they went home.

  There being no bus then, he had to walk home.

  1)表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成“with/without+名词(或代词)+分词”结构,如: