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by的各种用法详解

by的各种用法详解

  by表单位的用法归纳

  表示单位,意为“以……计”,其后通常接表示计量单位的单数名词,且名词前要用定冠词。如:

  They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他们所得报酬按小时(月)计。

  Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。

  有时也接抽象名词,此时通常不用冠词。如:

  Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量卖。

  by表示时间的用法

  表示时间,指“最迟在……之前”“到……的时候已经”,此时要注意它所连用的时态。如:

  He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已经很累了。

  He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 现在这本书他已读了大约40页。

  We will have finished the work by next month. 到下个月我们就会干完了这工作。

  By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在医生到达时,病人已经死了。

  另外,表示时间时,它还可表示“在……期间”,通常连用的名词是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等,注意名词前通常不用冠词。如:

  Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 猫白天睡觉,夜里捉老鼠。

  Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜欢在月光下游泳吗?

  表示手段或方式等,注意以下用法:

  (1) 表示“乘”“坐”时,其后接交通工具(如 bus, bike, train, plane, car, taxi, ship等)或与交通工具密切相关的名词(如air, water, land, road等),在句中主要用作方式状语,其中通常不用冠词或其他限定词。如:

  They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。

  但是,若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语,则也可以用冠词。如:

  We’re going by the 9:30 train. 我们坐9:30的火车去。

  We went to Shanghai by a large ship. 我们乘一艘大船去上海。

  注意,汉语说“步行”,英语习惯上用on foot, 而不用 by foot。

  (2) 注意以下表示方式的有用表达,其中不用冠词或其他限定词:

  by phone 用电话 by telegram 用电报

  by letter 用信件 by express 用快件

  by air mail 用航空邮件 by ordinary mail 用平信

  by post 用邮寄 by radio 用无线电

  by hand 用手工 by machine 用机器

  注意下面两例用by与用with的区别:

  The letter was written by hand. 这封信是用手写的(即不是打印的)。(by hand表示一种抽象的手段,是无形的,注意其中没用冠词或其他限定词)

  I write with my hand, but he writes with his mouth. 我用手写字,但他却用嘴写字。(with one’s hand表示一种具体的工具,是有形的,注意其中用了物主代词)

  (3) 后接动名词表示行为的方式或手段,这是一种常用表达。如:

  He makes a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。

  Lock this door by turning the key twice to the left. 锁这扇门要把钥匙向左转两圈。

By 的基本用法

  英语介词是让我们英语学习者感觉最为头疼的部分,虽然介绍本身都非常简单易学,但介绍的用法却非常复杂,不易掌握,每个介词都有不同的用法,下面简单介绍一些BY的一些基本用法:

  第一种:被动语态中(被 由)

  She was hit by a truck.他被一个卡车撞倒了。

  A painting by Van Gogh has been sold in New York for more than eighty-two million dollars.

  一幅由梵高创作的画在纽约卖到超过八千二百万美元。

  第二种:通过 使用

  Teachers live by selling knowledge.

  老师通过知识谋生。

  第三种:在……之前 不迟于

  It needs to be ready by next fridy

  下周五之前准备好。

  第四种:靠近 在……旁边

  She stood by the window 他站在窗户旁边

  come and sit by me. 来坐在我旁边。

  第五种:路过 经过

  He walked right by me without even saying hello.

  他从我身边路过,甚至连招呼都没打。

  I pass by the school every day on my way to work.

  我每天上班的路上会经过这所学校。

  第六种:逐渐的变化

  Day by day , she grew weaker.