far的用法和辨析
坐火车去要快得多。
注:by far与比较级连用,通常要放在比较级之后,若放在比较级前,则比较级通常应带有冠词。
如:
He is cleverer by far than her.
It’s by far the quicker to go by train.
笔者认为陈老师对“当 by far 用于修饰比较级且置于其前时,比较级前要用the”这句话理解有误。笔者认为应当这样理解:by far不可以用于 “… the +比较级+than+ …”句型之中的 the 的前面,即“He is by far the cleverer than her. 他比她聪明得多”这句话是错误的;但可以用于“… the +比较级+(名词)+(of…)”句型之中的the 的前面,即“It’s by far the quicker to go by train.”是正确的。
请看以下例证:
1. 葛传槼编著《英语惯用法词典》(新修订本)(时代出版社 1958年9月初版) p245:
(2)“by far”可以用在属于superlative degree的词前面,不可用在comparative degree的词前面;如可以说“This is by far the best of the five.”,不可说“This is by far better than that.”,(但用了“the”便可以把“by far”用在前面;例如“This is by far the better of the two.”。) (笔者注:葛教授既然说‘但用了“the”便可以把“by far”用在前面’,为什么不直接把“This is by far better than that.”改为“This is by far the better than that.”这句与陈老师所说“ He is by far the cleverer than her.”非常相似,还要“多此一举”,另外举例“This is the better of the two.”呢?请看下文的分析!)
(3)“by far”可以用在属于comparative degree的词后面:“This is better by far than that.”。但这种用法不很普遍。
2. 刘旭宝主编《英美语惯用法实用词典》(西南交通大学出版社1993年5月第1版) p426: …… by far则多用于最高级。
p427: [by] far, much等都能用于比较级和最高级的任何一方。(例) This is far (or much) better than that. [这时不用by far]
This is by far the better of the two. [用the+比较级+of这个结构时,即使是比较级也可用by far。]
3. 陈敦金主编的《英美语惯用法词典》(增订版)(福建教育出版社2002年3月第3版)p449:far 和by far都可以作比较级(用far比较常见)或最高级(用by far比较常见)的强化修饰语,但位置不同。两者均可用于肯定句,不用于否定句。注意下列句子中的far 和by far的位置:
She is (by) far the better actress / the better actress by far / .ar.
This is (by) far the most expensive bicycle in the shop/ the most expensive bicycle in the shop by far / .ar.
4. Morton Benson等著《朗文实用英语词语搭配词典》(上海译文出版社 1996年6月第1版) p443: She is by far the better player.
5. 在The CORPUS OF CONTEMPORAY AMERICAN ENGLISH (1990-2010) (Mark Davies, Brigham Young University) 上共有2066例包含“by far the”的例句,但仅有1例属于by far用于 “… the +比较级+than+ …”句型之中:
2006 Montfleury might be grossly huge and Cyrano as lean as a greyhound, but as celebrities went, Cyrano de Bergerac was by far the larger--larger than Life, in fact.
却有by far用于“… the +比较级+(名词)+(of…)”句型之中的例句:
1990 But Madhya Pradesh, by far the poorer of the two states, …
1991 …the Confederate flag was by far the more beautiful and really meant something important, too.
1992 The Shining Path was by far the greater threat: …
1997 The second part, and by far the harder of the two, is …
1999 Frank Lloyd Wright is by far the better architect, I think, a beautiful architect.
2010 …but that's by far the smaller part of it.
综上所述,“当by far用于修饰比较级且置于其前时,比较级前要用the”指的是by far可以用于“… the +比较级+(名词)+(of…)”句型之中,但不可以用于 “… the +比较级+than+ …”句型之中。
far,farther/farthest和further/furthest区别用法
further,furthest
这两个词同farther/farthest一样,可作表示地点、距离的副词用:
It isn’t safe to go any further/farther in this fog.
在这大雾里再往前走是不安全的。
但它们也可以用于表示抽象的概念: