have与has的用法辨析
I know I must study hard. 我知道我必须努力学习。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the mid-night.
我弟弟病得厉害, 我只得半夜里把医生请来。
I haven't got any money with me, so I'll have to borrow some from my friend.
我身上没带钱,只好向朋友借点了。
He said they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。
2. have to可以用于多种时态;而must只用于一般现在或将来。例如:
The composition is due to hand in this morning, so I had to finish it last night.
作文今天早晨到期,因此我不得不昨天晚上完成。
情态助动词用法简述
dare, need
① dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。
eg. How dare you say such horrible words to me?
② need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句,相当于肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should。
eg. Need I finish the work today?
Yes, you must. / No, you needn't.
③ dare和 need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化,在肯定句中,dare后面常接带to的不定式,在疑问句和否定句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式,而need后面只能接带to的不定式。
eg. She doesn't dare (to)answer.
She needs to cook dinner for her sisters.
五. shall, should
① shall 用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。
eg. What shall I do ?
② shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
eg. You shall be punished,you bad boy!
六. will, would
① 表示请求、建议等,使用would使语气更加缓和。
eg. Would you give me a cup of coffee, please?
② 表示意志、愿望和决心。
eg. I will never do that again.
③ would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
eg. During that summer, he would visit me every other day.
④ 表示估计和猜想。
eg. It would be about may when she come back to China.
七. should, ought to
① should表示“应该”,ought to表示义务或责任,语气更严重。
eg. I should help her because she is in trouble.
You ought to take care of her because she is your daughter.
② 表示劝告、建议和命令,should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should。
eg.Should I open the window?
③ 表示推测, should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
eg. She must pass the exam. (断定)
She ought to/should pass the exam.(不太肯定)
连系动词look, sound, smell, taste 和feel的用法
它们都属于表示知觉的连系动词,意思分别是“看起来”、“听起来”、“闻起来”、“尝起来”、“摸起来”。使用时注意以下几点:
(1) 通常以物作主语,表示人的知觉状态或感觉能力,虽有被动词味,但不用被动语态。如:
误:The stone is felt smooth. 这种石头摸上去很光滑。
正:The stone feels smooth.
误:The soup is tasted delicious. 这汤味道不错。
正:The soup tastes delicious.
(2) 其后均可接like短语。如:
That photograph doesn't look like her at all. 那张照片看起来一点都不像她。
This tastes like an orange. 这东西吃起来像桔子。
When I realized what stupid mistake I had made, I felt like a fool. 当我发现我犯了个愚蠢的错误是,我觉得仿佛是个傻子。
(3) 除look外,均不能接 to be,也均不用于进行时态(即使是look也不多见)。如:
She looks (to be) the right person for this job. 她似乎是做这项工作的合适人选。
You look / are looking very fetching in that hat with the purple dress. 你戴上那顶帽子配上这紫色衣服显得非常动人。
(4) taste和smell常与of连用,意为“有┅的味道”。如:
The room smelt of cigarettes. 房间里有烟味。
This soup tastes of chicken. 这汤有鸡的味道。
【注】feel 表示“感觉”可用于进行时。如:
How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何?
I'm feeling terrible. 我感到难受极了。