severe的用法总结

二、词义辨析：

earnest,serious,grave,severe,solemn,sober

这些形容词均有“严肃的”之意。 earnest指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。 serious指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。 grave侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。 severe指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。 solemn指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。 sober侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。

三、参考例句：

His injuries were quite severe.

Zimbabwe has experienced severe inflation.

津巴布韦经历了严重的通货膨胀。

Darcy suffered from severe asthma.

达西深受严重的哮喘症的折磨。

His costly mistake resulted in severe loss.

他的严重的错误导致了重大的损失。

His mistake resulted in severe loss.

他的错误导致了重大的损失。

He's suffering from severe mental disorder.

他患有严重的精神病。

The premier came under severe criticism.

这位总理遭到严厉的抨击。

The general had a severe manner.

那位将军态度严肃。

His wife gave him a severe rating.

他的妻子严厉申斥他。

The pine trees defy severe cold.

松树不畏严寒。

在医学文件中，“严重” serious 和 severe 怎么用?

来看欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency) 在其 ICH Topic E 2 A (Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting) 中给出的词义辨析：

To ensure no confusion or misunderstanding of the difference between the terms "serious" and "severe," which are not synonymous, the following note of clarification is provided:

The term "severe" is often used to describe the intensity (severity) of a specific event (as in mild, moderate, or severe myocardial infarction); the event itself, however, may be of relatively minor medical significance (such as severe headache). This is not the same as "serious," which is based on patient/event outcome or action criteria usually associated with events that pose a threat to a patient's life or functioning. Seriousness (not severity) serves as a guide for defining regulatory reporting obligations.

就羊君理解，通常情况下，severe 一般是跟 mild 和 moderate 并列，对某种疾病的严重程度进行分级，mild 是轻度，moderate 是中度，severe 是重度。但是这种“重度”只是对程度进行相对客观划分，可能并不会导致非常坏的结果。比如“严重头痛”，可能不会造成死亡、威胁生命安全及住院延长等问题。

而 serious 是一种“坏的结果”，主要是在临床试验中，到了预先规定的这种程度，工作人员就需要采取相应措施了。在药品的临床试验中，serious 的结果(比如，严重不良事件)可能会导致药品剂量和试验人群的调整，或者需要修改知情同意书等流程。

名词形式 severity 和 seriousness 的区别相似，使用时也需要注意区分。

详细内容请查阅ICH Topic E 2 A (Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting)。

拓展开来，在翻译医学文件时，经常会遇到各种疾病严重程度，比如主动脉轻度狭窄、重度贫血、二尖瓣中度返流等。除了使用 mild、moderate、severe，有时候还会遇到更严重的“危急”情况，一般用 critical，比如“危急值”。